Fruit Culture

Document 23

Title: Fruit Culture

Source URL: https://openprairie.sdstate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1049&context=agexperimentsta_bulletins

Archive provenance: source_site=Open PRAIRIE | institution=South Dakota State University | source_root=https://openprairie.sdstate.edu/ | local_archive=/usr/local/var/www/pomologica/data/raw/manual/ingest_queue/research_groups_20260309/1049_agexperimentsta_bulletins.pdf

Type: pdf | Language: en | Rights: unknown

Aliases: 1 | Provenance events: 2 | Evidence claims: 19

Archivist page review: Review parse variants for page 29

Open profile JSON | Open citation JSON

Document Metadata

Institution:

Publisher:

Site: Open PRAIRIE

Year:

Page count: 41

Type: pdf_document

Metadata source: intake_backfill_v1

Relationship Records

ID	Relation	Source	Target	Source Doc
167	mentioned_in_document	University Of Minnesota	Fruit Culture	23
166	mentioned_in_document	South Dakota State University Agricultural Experiment Station	Fruit Culture	23
165	mentioned_in_document	South Dakota Agricultural College	Fruit Culture	23
164	mentioned_in_document	Bulletins South Dakota State University	Fruit Culture	23
163	mentioned_in_document	South Dakota State University	Fruit Culture	23

History Records

ID	Type	Year	Label
303	year_reference	1888	Year reference 1888
302	year_reference	1896	Year reference 1896
301	year_reference	1897	Year reference 1897
304	institution_mention	1897	South Dakota State University
305	institution_mention	1897	Bulletins South Dakota State University
306	institution_mention	1897	South Dakota Agricultural College
307	institution_mention	1897	South Dakota State University Agricultural Experiment Station
308	institution_mention	1897	University Of Minnesota

Document Reader

Reviewable cultivar from this document:

This selector is limited to cultivars that already have staging pages. Additional parsed names stay in the linked records table below.

102 additional parsed names from this document do not have staging cultivar pages yet.

Parsed Cultivar Detail

Cultivar: Duchess

Pages in document: p5 p6 p8 p9 p10 p26 p27 p28 p29 p32 p33 p34 p36 p37

Entry Snippets

Page	Basis	Snippet
5	cultivar_list_member	Of the first degree of hardiness for planting in Minnesota are Duchess, Hibernal, Charlamoff.
6	named_entry_heading	DUCHESS. This is also called Duchess of Oldenburg. ... The large size and beautiful coloring of the fruit, the hardiness and productiveness of the tree make this variety very popular throughout the Northwest... In the severer sections of Minnesota, Duchess has
8	explicit_cultivar_reference	The following varieties fruited the past season in the College and Experiment Station orchard at Brookings, planted in 1888. Duchess, Getman No. 225, Borsdorf No. 402, Aport, Ostrakoff's Glass, Patten's Greening, Patten's Duchess seedling No.
9	explicit_cultivar_reference	Duchess bo re a la rge crop, tree ha rdy.
10	explicit_cultivar_reference	Those from seeds of Duchess or other hardy varieties would generally give hardy seedlings, but are not obtainable in quantity.
26	explicit_cultivar_reference	Ihave settled on the Wealthy, Duchess and Whitney No. 20 ... we have, however, no reason to regret that we put our faith in the sorts named.
27	explicit_cultivar_reference	One orchard tree choice described as "one would be a Duchess" and older orchard entries include "Fine specimens of Wealthy, Duchess and Vir-ginia crab".
28	explicit_cultivar_reference	The text recommends this as a first-choice orchard tree: "Had Iroom for just two apple trees, one would be a Duchess, the other a Chickasaw crab." and later states, "We find that ... the standards the Duchess beats the list for early and cont inuous bearin g."
29	explicit_cultivar_reference	Idid no t have mu ch faith in apples, conse quent ly Istar ted only a few of the best known varietie s: Duchess, Wealthy, Tetafsky and th e Ant onov ka; of crabs, the Trans cende nt, Ma rtha an d Wh itney No. 20.
32	explicit_cultivar_reference	Planted mostly Duchess and Wealthy ... Four years ago we got a few Duchess and Wealthy apples ... the next year we got all we could use of Duchess, Wealthy, Titovka, Antonovka ...
33	recommendation_context	Among the most profit able we would name the Duchess, Wealt hy, Haas, Westfield Seek-no-Further, Walbr idge, Utter's Red, Perry Russet.
34	explicit_cultivar_reference	In apples the Duchess and Wealthy are about as profitable as any.
36	explicit_cultivar_reference	Duchess does fairly well with good care ... In the spring of 1892 Iplanted a few Duchess ... The past two summers ... Duchess and Whitney suffered most; nearly all died.
37	explicit_cultivar_reference	"Of these planted since that ... the Duchess is the only large apple Ihave."

Raw Parsed Claims

Page	Type	Claim	Confidence
5	recommendation_context	Listed as a first-degree hardiness apple for planting in Minnesota in the Minnesota State Horticultural Society list.	0.99
5	source_reference_abbreviation	Source context: Minnesota State Horticultural Society annual list (Minneapolis, Dec 1896).	0.96
6	source_reference_abbreviation	The American Pomological Society is referenced as using the official cultivar name Oldenburg, while western societies retain 'Duchess' for continuity.	0.96
6	fruit_size	Fruit is described as large.	0.95
6	fruit_color	Fruit is described as beautifully colored.	0.92
6	entry_hardiness_observation	Duchess is not as reliable in the severer sections of Minnesota as Hibernal or Charlamoff.	0.94
6	productivity	The variety is characterized as very productive and has borne heavily in the Brookings station orchard.	0.93
6	storage_duration	The text notes cold storage interest and better pricing later in season for fruit stored from August/September harvest windows.	0.88
6	recommendation_context	Described as one of the best of the older list in southern South Dakota; considered generally popular in the Northwest.	0.9
6	flavor_profile	Not explicitly framed as eating quality first, but noted as commercially useful and suitable for table use when fully ripened.	0.82
8	caption_context	Listed among varieties that fruited in the Brookings orchard in 1896.	0.95
9	productivity	Large crop observed.	0.85
9	entry_hardiness_observation	Tree described as hardy.	0.77
10	recommendation_context	Seeds of Duchess are described as likely to give generally hardy seedlings for nursery grafting use.	0.88
10	entry_hardiness_observation	Duchess is treated here as a hardy variety in contrast to tender imported French crab seed sources.	0.83
26	recommendation_context	Included with Wealthy and Whitney No. 20 as part of the station’s preferred settled varieties.	0.95
26	selection_origin_reference	Entered in a local station-origin trial recommendation context rather than as a literary or historical reference.	0.86
27	recommendation_context	Duchess is treated as a desirable principal apple choice in the documented orchard.	0.91
27	description_snippet	Fine specimens persisted in the older orchard block.	0.84
28	recommendation_context	Recommended as one of only two principal apple tree choices when constrained by planting space.	0.96
28	productivity	Described as an early and continuously bearing standard compared with other orchards types.	0.93
28	anecdote_snippet	Used as a benchmark cultivar in the long-term station orchard context.	0.9
29	selection_origin_reference	Named as one of the initial fruit tree varieties planted in the Lake County orchard report.	0.98
29	anecdote_snippet	The correspondent initially limited plantings to a few known apple varieties because of limited confidence in apples.	0.94
29	entry_hardiness_observation	This named apple was reported in the context of 12-year-old trees still being grown, with no explicit varietal failure statement on the page.	0.71
32	selection_origin_reference	The orchard planting included Duchess as a principal cultivar from the reported 1886 establishment and subsequent replanting phase.	0.9
32	productivity	Duchess was repeatedly included among useful/fruiting entries in the report and later named in a high-performing list.	0.83
32	recommendation_context	Named as one of the most profitable orchard entries in the report context.	0.81
33	recommendation_context	Listed as one of the most profitable apple/crab selections.	0.98
34	recommendation_context	Ranked as one of the most profitable apples in the report context.	0.92
34	productivity	Described as profitable, indicating favorable return/production under local conditions.	0.9
36	productivity	Described as doing fairly well with good care.	0.77
36	entry_hardiness_observation	Reported to be highly vulnerable in very dry/hot seasons, where Duchess trees suffered strongly and most died.	0.85
36	anecdote_snippet	Observed in the same trial context where early planting source and site establishment affected outcomes.	0.66
37	fruit_size	Compared with crabapple-sized types, this cultivar is treated as a large-apple cultivar in the observed set.	0.74
37	entry_hardiness_observation	Survived and performed where root protection and mulching were used.	0.66
37	recommendation_context	Named as one of the hardier apple choices worth planting for this location.	0.78

Inherited Context

p5: Apple | Apple cultivars | Crabs and hybrids | Fruit Culture | Regional recommendations and list of proven/suggested hardy fruit varieties | South Dakota Agricultural College / South Dakota State University Agricultural Experiment Station | Minnesota State Horticultural Societ
p6: Malus | apple cultivars | Russian-origin apples | hardy apple recommendations | Fruit Culture | APPLES | South Dakota Agricultural College / South Dakota State University Agricultural Experiment Station | University of Minnesota | selection and evaluation of hardy apple culti
p8: apple | Malus domestica | hardy apple recommendations | varieties for trial | crabs and hybrids | Brookings report, 1896 | South Dakota Agricultural College | South Dakota State University Agricultural Experiment Station | College and Experiment Station orchard at Brookings |
p9: Named cultivar performance notes. | Malus | Apple trial cohort. | Hardy orchard entries. | Experimental orchard trial entries | Named apple and crabapple entries | Performance notes by cultivar | South Dakota | Minnesota | Iowa
p10: apple | Malus | apple propagation | nursery grafting and root hardiness | South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station | South Dakota Agricultural College | Imperial Agricultural College at Moscow | evaluation of hardy fruit propagation methods at Brookings | raising seedlin
p26: apple | fruit trial set | semi-hardy selection list | station-recommended local planting list | Fruit Culture | Reports from Fruit Growers | Report from Turner County | South Dakota | Turner County
p27: apple cultivar in orchard history | apple and crabapple cultivars | Fruit Culture > Reports from Fruit Growers | Grower orchard case history and varietal review | South Dakota | southern South Dakota | prairie upland environments | northern trunk-side microzone effects
p28: apple | Malus | temperate fruit trees | established orchard standard | apple cultivars | Fruit Culture | Orchard Trial Performance and Management Notes | South Dakota prairie climate | Michigan and northern middle states | middle western United States
p29: apple | Fruit Culture | Orchard management notes | Report from Lake County | South Dakota | Minnesota | Lake County
p32: Russian and cold-climate apples | Malus | orchard performance trial cohort | named cultivar performance reporting | Fruit Culture | Report and correspondence section | Ola y County fruit report | South Dakota | Ola y / Olay County correspondence context | northern U.S. cold-
p33: apples/crabapples (named selections) | South Dakota fruit selection notes | County-level report section within the Fruit Culture bulletin, following earlier discussion of orchard survival and continuing with practical cultivar listings and outcomes. | South Dakota (county-le
p34: apple | REPORT FROM TURNER COUNTY | Hardiness and productivity notes under drought conditions | Comparative cultivar and small-fruit recommendations
p36: Apple/crabapple trial remarks in Watertown orchard notes | Malus entries and general orchard cultivar adaptation in northern climate | No formal hybrid section named; named-cultivar comparison context | No named hybrid groups provided | Continuation of field correspondence s
p37: apple | crabapple context | cold-climate orchard trials | apple and crabapple performance under severe winters | plum cultivar guidance and hardiness notes | South Dakota | northern prairie climate | cold winters

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Linked Cultivars

ID	Cultivar	Evidence / Claims	History / Pages	Link
parsed only	Duchess	37	5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 26, ...	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Wealthy	34	5, 6, 7, 26, 27, 28, ...	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Hibernal	28	5, 6, 7, 9, 11, 30, ...	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Desoto	23	18, 20, 21, 22, 33, 37, ...	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Wyant	20	18, 20, 21, 22, 30, 31	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Forest Garden	19	18, 20, 22, 30, 31, 33, ...	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Transcendent	18	8, 9, 26, 27, 29, 30, ...	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Virginia	16	5, 8, 9, 26, 30, 36, ...	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Longfield	15	5, 6, 7, 30, 40	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Wolf	15	18, 20, 22, 30, 31, 34, ...	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Whitney No 20	14	8, 26, 27, 29, 37, 39, ...	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Melinda	13	5, 6, 8, 30	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Patten'S Greening	12	5, 8, 9, 27, 30, 36	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Whitney	12	5, 8, 9, 34, 36	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Ben Davis	11	5, 26, 27, 33, 34, 40	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Charlamoff	11	5, 6, 36	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Crescent	11	24, 29, 31, 41	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Haas	11	5, 26, 27, 32, 33, 35, ...	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Martha	11	5, 8, 29, 36, 37	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Briar Sweet	9	5, 26, 27, 30, 35, 37	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Concord	9	23, 24, 32, 40	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Early Strawberry	9	5, 9, 26, 27, 35, 36, ...	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Houghton	9	24, 31, 32, 38, 41	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Rockford	9	20, 22, 31	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Tetofsky	9	8, 40	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Walbridge	9	26, 27, 32, 33, 39, 40	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	White	9	24, 31, 34, 38, 41	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Early Richmond	8	23, 40	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Hyslop	8	8, 9, 26, 27, 34, 35, ...	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Red Dutch	8	24, 32, 34, 38, 41	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Turner	8	23, 24, 31, 38	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Arthur	7	9, 40	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Miner	7	22, 34	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Minnesota	7	5, 6, 26, 27, 30, 37	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	New Ulm	7	30, 31	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Worden	7	23, 24, 32	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Antonovka	6	29, 32	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Cheney	6	30, 31	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	De Soto	6	30, 31, 34	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Prunus Americana	6	18, 19	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Rollingstone	6	20, 22	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Victoria	6	24, 31, 32, 34, 38	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Baldwin	5	33, 39, 40	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Burbank	5	22	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Duchess Of Oldenburg	5	39, 40	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Fay'S Prolific	5	38, 41	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Harrison'S Peach	5	22, 30	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Janesville	5	23, 24, 32	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Kaump	5	5, 6, 8	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Okabena	5	5, 8, 9	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Rawle'S Janet	5	5, 33, 40	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Recumbent	5	6, 11	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Russian Mulberry	5	34, 35	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Stoddard	5	20, 30, 31	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Virginia Crab	5	27, 28	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Anisim	4	8, 11	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Bartlett	4	40	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Bessarabian	4	31	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Christmas	4	5, 6, 8	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Downing	4	24, 38	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Early Red	4	30, 31	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Golden Prune	4	40	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Goose	4	20, 22	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Greenwood	4	5, 9, 36, 37	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Hawkeye	4	20, 30, 31	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Hutchinson Sweet	4	35, 37	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Lombard	4	33, 40	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Mann	4	39, 40	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Marianna	4	19	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Milton Crab	4	35	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Myrobolan	4	19	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Old Gold	4	30, 31	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Orange	4	26, 27, 30, 35	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Peerless	4	5, 8, 33	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Perry Russet	4	5, 32, 33	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Price'S Sweet	4	39, 40	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Red Astrachan	4	26, 40	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	White Pigeon	4	5, 6, 8	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Yellow Sweet	4	5, 6, 8	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Yellow Transparent	4	32, 33	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Ancient Briton	3	24	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Beder Wood	3	24, 31	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Black Tartarian	3	40	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Blushed Calville	3	5, 8	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Brett	3	5, 8	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Capt Jack	3	41	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Chickasaw	3	26, 27	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Chickasaw Crab	3	28	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Cuthbert	3	23, 24	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Darrt'S Greenwood	3	35	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	English Morello	3	40	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Fameuse	3	5, 26, 33	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Flemish Beauty	3	40	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Gilbert	3	5, 8	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Idaho Peach	3	40	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Iowa Beauty	3	40	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Marlboro	3	23, 24	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Milton	3	22, 37	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Moore'S Early	3	23, 24	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Nemeha	3	23, 24	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Ohio	3	23, 24	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Older	3	23, 24	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Ostheim	3	31	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Peach	3	19	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Pewaukee	3	40	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Repka Malenka	3	5, 8	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Rollingstonp	3	18	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	St Julien	3	19	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Titus	3	32, 33	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Warfield	3	24	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Washington	3	40	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Apple Trees	2	18	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Apricot	2	19	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Black Naples	2	34	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Champion	2	30, 31	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Charles Downing	2	22	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Cherry	2	34, 38	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Cross No 413	2	8	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Dr Dennis	2	30, 31	No staging cultivar page yet
parsed only	Elgin Beauty	2	27	No staging cultivar page yet

Document-Linked Records

Relationships: 5

History events: 8

These are the structured records currently tied to this document. They should line up with the document’s main cultivar story.

Rights Records

Status	License	Holder
unknown

Credibility Records

Tier	Score	Assessor	Rationale
tier_3	55	auto	Unclassified domain; requires manual source evaluation

Translation Records

Source Lang	Target Lang	Method	Status	Note
No translation records.

Translation Quality Assessments

Translation ID	Score	Risk	Assessor	Rationale
No translation assessments.

Publication Records

Status	Visibility	Reviewer	Note
No publication records.

Extracted Entities

Type	Value	Confidence
institution_candidate	University of Minnesota	0.60
institution_candidate	South Dakota State University Agricultural Experiment Station	0.60
institution_candidate	South Dakota Agricultural College	0.60
institution_candidate	Bulletins South Dakota State University	0.60
institution_candidate	South Dakota State University	0.60
taxon_keyword	prunus	0.65
taxon_keyword	malus	0.65

Extracted Claims

Type	Claim	Confidence
description_snippet	A rather early and regular bearer and productive.	0.54
description_snippet	Melinda, Yellow Sweet, Christmas and Minnesota are tardy bearers.	0.54
description_snippet	2-Liehy (Recumbent), Juicy Burr Rnrl Rornna clm,ely resemble the Hibernal and are equally safe kinds.	0.54
description_snippet	6, Briar Sweet, Tonka, Powers.	0.54
description_snippet	Best for general cultivation: Virginia, Martha, Whit.ney, EArly Strawberry, ·Minnesota, Sweet Rnsset, Gideon's No.	0.54
description_snippet	Promising varieties for trial: Pat.ten's GreeninQ', Okabena, Peerless, Repka Malenka, Anisirn, Yellow Sweet, Kaump, Gilbert, Brett, Christmas, Blushed Calville, Cross · 413, White	0.54
description_snippet	the state, a few old orchards in fa.ir condition are found, containing varieties of the grade of hardiness of Haas, Plumb's Cider, Fameuse, Perry Russet, Utter's Red, Willow Twig,	0.54
culinary_use	cooking, and not to be	0.56
productivity	productive	0.56
storage_duration	storage houses are beginning to store it for	0.56
growth_habit	spreading	0.52
institution_reference	University of Minnesota	0.60
institution_reference	South Dakota State University Agricultural Experiment Station	0.60
institution_reference	South Dakota Agricultural College	0.60
institution_reference	Bulletins South Dakota State University	0.60
institution_reference	South Dakota State University	0.60
year_reference	1888	0.55
year_reference	1896	0.55
year_reference	1897	0.55